M1 Abrams Mbt Engine

The M1 Abrams is powered by a 1500 hp (1119 kW) Honeywell AGT1500 (originally made by Lycoming) gas turbine, and a six speed (four forward, two reverse) Allison X-1100-3B Hydro-Kinetic Automatic transmission, giving it a governed top speed of 45 mph (72 km/h) on paved roads and 30 mph (48 km/h) cross-country. With the engine governor removed, speeds of around 60 mph (100 km/h) are possible on an improved surface; however, damage to the drive train (especially to the tracks) and an increased risk of injuries to the crew can occur at speeds above 45 mph. The tank can be fueled with diesel fuel, kerosene, any grade of MOGAS (motor gasoline), or JP-4 or JP-8 jet fuel; the U.S. Army uses JP-8 jet fuel in order to simplify logistics. The gas turbine propulsion system has proven quite reliable in practice and combat, but its high fuel consumption is a serious logistic issue (starting up the turbine alone consumes 40 liters of fuel).

The high-speed, high-temperature jet blast emitted from the rear of M1 Abrams tanks makes it difficult for the infantry to proceed to shadow the tank in urban combat. The turbine is noisy, comparable to a helicopter engine, although the noise character (pitch) is significantly different from a contemporary diesel tank engine, reducing the audible distance of the sound, thus the nickname, “Whispering Death”. Future US tanks may return to reciprocating engines for propulsion, as 4-stroke diesel engines have proven quite successful in other modern heavy tanks, e.g. the Leopard 2, Challenger 2 and Merkava. The small size, simplicity, power-to-weight ratio and easy removal/replacement of the turbine power pack does, however, present significant advantages over any proposed reciprocating replacement.

The Abrams can be carried by the C-5 Galaxy and C-17 Globemaster III. The limited capacity (one combat-ready tank or two transport-ready tanks in a C-5, one combat-ready tank in a C-17) caused serious logistical problems when deploying the tanks for the First Gulf War, though there was enough time for 1,848 tanks to be transported by ship.

M1 Abrams Mbt Armament Issues

 

With the forthcoming TUSK add-on kit, an M2 or a Mk 19 grenade launcher can be mounted on the CROWS remote weapons platform (similar to the Protector M151 remote weapon station used on the Stryker family of vehicles). 2. A 7.62 mm M240 machine gun in front of the loader’s hatch on a skate mount. 3. A 7.62 mm M240 machine gun in a coaxial mount. The coaxial MG is aimed and fired with the computer fire control system used for the main gun. The turret is fitted with two six-barreled smoke grenade launchers (USMC Abrams use an eight-barreled version). These can create a thick smoke that blocks both vision and thermal imaging, and can also be armed with chaff. The engine is also equipped with a smoke generator that is triggered by the driver.

The Abrams also has provisions for storing an M16 rifle or M4 carbine inside the crew compartment for when they have to leave the protection of the tank under potentially hostile conditions, plus Abrams crews always carry personal sidearms, the M9 Beretta pistols. The Abrams is equipped with a ballistic fire control computer that uses data from a variety of sources, including the thermal or daylight Gunner’s Primary Sight (GPS), a laser rangefinder, a crosswind sensor, a pendulum static cant sensor, data on the ammunition type, ammunition temperature, and a muzzle reference sensor (MRS) that determines barrel drop due to gravity and temperature. The fire-control system uses this data to compute a firing solution for the gunner. The ballistic solution generated ensures a hitting percentage greater than 95 percent at nominal ranges. Either the commander or gunner can fire the main gun.

Additionally, the Commander’s Independent Thermal Viewer (CITV) can be used to locate targets and pass them on for the gunner to engage while the commander scans for new targets. In the event of a malfunction or damage to the primary sight system, the main and coaxial weapons can be manually aimed using a telescopic scope bore sighted to the main gun known as the Gunner’s Auxiliary Sight (GAS). The GAS has two interchangeable reticles; one for HEAT and one for APFSDS ammunition.

 

M.B.A. Overview

A short synopsis of the MBA Program

 

Students entering business school to earn their MBA degree will need varied skills and have basic proficiency in certain areas. The level of math skills necessary in business school will vary depending on the program. Many Master of Business Administration programs require statistics, algebra, and most likely, calculus. You may want to refresh your skills if they are in question before entering an MBA program. Most business schools require the use of personal computers throughout your MBA program. Many schools will require that you have your own laptop. Though the extent to which you use a computer will vary, you should be comfortable with word processing, spreadsheets, and databases. Each school will give you their minimum basic requirements for computer skills and hardware/software needs.

Schools today attempt to mimic the business environment in their academic programs by using student teams. As corporations have increasingly turned to teams to work on projects and to solve problems, MBA programs have transformed a larger portion of course work from individual work to team work. Many masters of business administration programs now include teambuilding training as team building workshops, or as a subject in organizational behavior courses. Teams may be formed for the purpose of one project in one course or they may remain together for months, working on multiple courses. In the competitive setting of MBA programs, the cooperation of students in team building exercises is often difficult. Students that participate in team activities find that working with others takes up a lot of academic time.

The fundamentals of the business are taught in every MBA program. Economics, finance, accounting, organizational behavior, marketing, and statistics are in the basic repertoire for the master of business administration programs. In business school, these subjects are considered a core group of courses required of every student. These core courses make up the first year of study in a two-year full-time program. In some programs, students who have a prior background in business can bypass some or all of the core courses on the basis of either a special examination or an evaluation of the undergraduate transcript.

I am Nice – France

I am Nice, I am London, I am Paris, I am … faith, hope and joy on it.

Source: I am Nice – France

I am Nice – France

                  

I am Nice, I am London, I am Paris, I am … faith, hope and joy on it.

M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank

The tank of the battle of M1 Abrams is combat the principal tank of the army of the United States and the marine bodies of the United States, with three principal versions being to start deployed in 1980: M1, the M1A1, and the M1A2. The last versions of the M1A2 have new armor and package of electronics. It is baptized name of the General Creighton Abrams, former chief of the army of personnel and ordering armored regiment of the army thirty-seventh. M1 Abrams replaced M60 Patton in …

The tank of the battle of M1 Abrams is combat the principal tank of the army of the United States and the marine bodies of the United States, with three principal versions being to start deployed in 1980: M1, the M1A1, and the M1A2. The last versions of the M1A2 have new armor and package of electronics. It is baptized name of the General Creighton Abrams, former chief of the army of personnel and ordering armored regiment of the army thirty-seventh. M1 Abrams replaced M60 Patton in the service of the USA, as well as the M48A5. It, however, was useful beside the M60A3, which had written the service right two years before (1978) M1, during more than one decade.

The first attempt to replace the series of M60 aging of tanks was the abortive MBT-70, developed with Germany. M60 Patton was itself a progressive evolution of a design starting with the era of the Second World War M26 Pershing, with a very large profile, and the rather average armor and the weapon compared with the contemporary Soviet designs. The MBT-70 was very ambitious, as much of American programs of weapons of the Sixties. It had a system of a missile launched by gun, the suspension of kneeling, a driver placed in the turret, and various the other ideas which finally proved not succeeded. The cancellation of this project prepared the ground for the tank much more successful of M1 Abrams, which did not incorporate the majority of the tedious innovations tested by the MBT-70.

M1 Abrams was designed in the Chrysler Defense (in 1979, Division bought by Division of the defense of Chrysler of ground systems of General Dynamics) and is currently produced by a company of General Dynamics in Lima, in Ohio, and the first written service of an army of the USA in 1980. A version improved of M1, the M1A1, was presented in 1985. The M1A1 has M256 gun of smoothbore of 120 millimeters developed by Rheinmetall AG of Germany for leopard 2, the improved armor, and a protection system of CBRN.

M1 Abrams MBT Armament Features

Rounds like the M829A2 were developed specifically to address the threats posed by a T-90 or T-80U tank, given their high level of protection provided the tanks by kontakt-5 Explosive Reactive Armor, and high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) shaped charge rounds such as the M830, the latest version of which (M830A1) incorporates a sophisticated multi-mode electronic sensing fuse and more fragmentation which allows it to be used effectively against both armored vehicles and personnel…

Rounds like the M829A2 were developed specifically to address the threats posed by a T-90 or T-80U tank, given their high level of protection provided the tanks by kontakt-5 Explosive Reactive Armor, and high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) shaped charge rounds such as the M830, the latest version of which (M830A1) incorporates a sophisticated multi-mode electronic sensing fuse and more fragmentation which allows it to be used effectively against both armored vehicles and personnel and low-flying aircraft. Unlike the Soviet-built tanks, it was designed to go up against, the Abrams uses a manual loader rather than an automatic device, due to the belief that having a person reload the gun is faster and more reliable.

The new M1028 120 mm anti-personnel canister cartridge has been brought into service early for use in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. It contains 1,150 ten-millimeter tungsten shot projectiles which spread from the muzzle to produce a shotgun effect lethal out to 500 m. The tungsten balls can be used to clear enemy dismounts, break up hasty ambush sites in urban areas, clear defiles, stop infantry attacks and counter-attacks and support friendly infantry assaults by providing cover-by-fire. In addition to this, the new MRM-KE (Mid-Range-Munition Kinetic Energy) is also in development. Essentially a cannon-fired guided round, it has a range of roughly 12 km and uses a KE warhead which is rocket assisted in its final phase of flight.

This is intended to be the best penetrator yet, an improvement over the US 3rd generation DU penetrator (estimated penetration 790 mm). The Abrams tank has three machine guns: 1. A .50 cal. (12.7 mm) M2 machine gun in front of the commander’s hatch. On the M1, M1IP, and M1A1, this gun is on a powered mount and can be fired using a 3 magnification sight, known as the Commander’s Weapon Station (CWS for short), while the vehicle is buttoned up. On the M1A2 & M1A2SEP, this gun is on a flex mount (seen at right), the Commander having to expose himself to fire the weapon manually.

M1 Abrams MBT​ Armament

 

Starting in 1988, tanks M1A1 received the packages improved of armor which incorporated the mesh out of uranium exhausted in their armor in front of the turret and the hull. The armor reinforced this manner resistance appreciably increased of offers towards all the types of the armaments anti-tank device, but at the expense adding the considerable weight to the tank. First tanks M1A1 to receive this leveling were tanks posted in Germany since they were the first line of def…
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Starting in 1988, tanks M1A1 received the packages improved of armor which incorporated the mesh out of uranium exhausted in their armor in front of the turret and the hull. The armor reinforced this manner resistance appreciably increased of offers towards all the types of the armaments anti-tank device, but at the expense adding the considerable weight to the tank. First tanks M1A1 to receive this leveling were tanks posted in Germany since they were the first line of defense against the Soviet Union. In addition to the Abrams’ advanced armor, some Abrams, most notably M1A1s of the US Marine Corps, are equipped with a Missile Countermeasure Device that can detect and jam the guidance systems of laser-guided anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM).

This device is mounted on the turret roof in front of the Loader’s hatch, and can lead some people to mistake Abrams fitted with these devices for the M1A2 version, since the Commander’s Independent Thermal Viewer on the latter is mounted in the same place, though the MCD is box-shaped and fixed in place as opposed to cylindrical and rotating like the CITV. The main armament of the original model M1 was the M68A1 105 mm rifled tank gun firing a variety of HEAT, high explosive, white phosphorus (smoke), and a highly efficient and lethal anti-personnel (multiple flechettes) rounds. This gun is a license-built version of the British Royal Ordnance L7 gun.

While being a reliable weapon, the 105 mm was becoming obsolete in the face of advances in armor technology, which meant that a better tank gun was needed for the M1. The main armament of the M1A1 and M1A2 is the M256 120 mm smoothbore gun, designed by Rheinmetall AG of Germany. The M256 is a variant of the Rheinmetall 120 mm L/44 gun manufactured under license in the United States by General Dynamics Land Systems Division in their plant in Lima, Ohio. It is the same armament carried by the German Leopard 2 tank up to the version A5 until replaced by the longer L/55 gun in version A6.

Abrams MBT Armament

 

Starting in 1988, tanks M1A1 received the packages improved of armor which incorporated the mesh out of uranium exhausted in their armor in front of the turret and the hull. The armor reinforced this manner resistance appreciably increased of offers towards all the types of the armaments anti-tank device, but at the expense adding the considerable weight to the tank. First tanks M1A1 to receive this leveling were tanks posted in Germany, since they were the first line of def…

Starting in 1988, tanks M1A1 received the packages improved of armor which incorporated the mesh out of uranium exhausted in their armor in front of the turret and the hull. The armor reinforced this manner resistance appreciably increased of offers towards all the types of the armaments anti-tank device, but at the expense adding the considerable weight to the tank. First tanks M1A1 to receive this leveling were tanks posted in Germany since they were the first line of defense against the Soviet Union. In addition to the Abrams’ advanced armor, some Abrams, most notably M1A1s of the US Marine Corps, are equipped with a Missile Countermeasure Device that can detect and jam the guidance systems of laser-guided anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM).

This device is mounted on the turret roof in front of the Loader’s hatch, and can lead some people to mistake Abrams fitted with these devices for the M1A2 version, since the Commander’s Independent Thermal Viewer on the latter is mounted in the same place, though the MCD is box-shaped and fixed in place as opposed to cylindrical and rotating like the CITV. The main armament of the original model M1 was the M68A1 105 mm rifled tank gun firing a variety of HEAT, high explosive, white phosphorus (smoke), and a highly efficient and lethal anti-personnel (multiple flechettes) rounds. This gun is a license-built version of the British Royal Ordnance L7 gun.

While being a reliable weapon, the 105 mm was becoming obsolete in the face of advances in armor technology, which meant that a better tank gun was needed for the M1. The main armament of the M1A1 and M1A2 is the M256 120 mm smoothbore gun, designed by Rheinmetall AG of Germany. The M256 is a variant of the Rheinmetall 120 mm L/44 gun manufactured under license in the United States by General Dynamics Land Systems Division in their plant in Lima, Ohio. It is the same armament carried by the German Leopard 2 tank up to the version A5 until replaced by the longer L/55 gun in version A6.